The wmf section can be subdivided in a carbonate fossil rich upper and a carbonate poor. A basal bird from the campanian late cretaceous of. A new sauropod dinosaur from the middle jurassic of the. It has been associated with fossils for hundreds of years. The whitby mudstone and alum shales are exposed on the highest part of the shore and at the foot of the cliff. This observation is consistent with the lack of normal faulting at saltwick nab, and the whitby mudstone formation having been drained by structural and. It can be a very productive location when the conditions are right, yielding a wide range of ammonite species. The taxonomy and systematics of parapsicephalus purdoni reptilia. A landslide complex in the whitby mudstone formation at hollin hill, north yorkshire, uk is periodically reactivated in response to rainfallinduced porewater pressure fluctuations. The mineralogy of mudrocks from the lias group of england. Other highlights include a well preserved succession of biostratigraphical horizons within the cleveland ironstone and the most complete toarcian succession in britain represented by the whitby mudstone formation.
A photographic guide siri scientific press more than 200 colour photographs and illustrations photography by benjamin hyde and illustrations by nobumichi tamura the small coastal town of whitby is located in north yorkshire, england. Bedparallel fractures have not been observed within more formula rich units at the top of the whitby mudstone formation at whitby east cliff, or within wellbedded, clayrich shale at saltwick nab. Durham etheses inorganic geochemistry and palaeoenvironments. Note the size of the exposed rock face, and the heap of earth and stone at its base. The elastic anisotropy of mudstones is not well understood because of their complex nature and the lack of laboratory experiments performed on wellpreserved samples. Microfabric, mineralogy and early diagenetic history of the. The impact of global warming and anoxia on marine benthic. Request pdf microstructural characteristics of the whitby mudstone formation uk when trying to improve gas productivity from unconventional sources a. The uppermost staithes sandstone formation to lowermost alum shale member were studied in a core drilled recently approximately 10 km south of whitby and 7 km west of robin hoods bay to investigate the evolution of pliensbachiantoarcian lower jurassic depositional environments of the cleveland basin, yorkshire, uk. In the early toarcian mean temperatures increased by the same order of magnitude. The mercia mudstone group is an early triassic lithostratigraphic group a sequence of rock strata which is widespread in britain, especially in the english midlands the name is derived from the ancient kingdom of mercia which corresponds to that area.
We have conducted ultrasonic experiments, between 0. The elemental geochemistry data were used to assess the palaeoredox state of the depositional environment, the role of dilution of organic matter by siliciclastic material, and the rates of organic productivity in the photic zone above the site of deposition. The rock fall, probably unfairly, was blamed on the roseberry ironstone mine workings under the summit. The taxonomy and systematics of parapsicephalus purdoni. The whitby mudstone formation has large clay content, which in turn forms the lowest resistivities at site 10. The mudstone samples were recovered from the deep excavation for the bow office tower located in the heavily builtup area of downtown calgary. Microfabric, mineralogy and early diagenetic history of. Outcrops of the lower lias group also occur near staithes howarth, 2002. We then describe the lithostratigraphy of the cleveland ironstone and whitby mudstone formations, and present observations of faults and fractures within the cleveland ironstone formation at jet wyke, and the whitby mudstone formation at port mulgrave, whitby east cliff and saltwick nab.
It is frequently encountered in older literature as the keuper marl or keuper marl series the mercia mudstone group is now. For all specimens the geological horizon from which the ammonites were derived was carefully identified. Natural fractures in a united kingdom shale reservoir analog. Whitby mudstone formation at staithes in north yorkshire. The mulgrave shale member of the whitby mudstone formation can microstructurally be subdivided into a fossil rich 15% upper half and a submm mineralogically laminated lower half. Rutland formation limestonelias clay lower jurassic marlstone mercia mudstone. Ultrasonic velocity and attenuation anisotropy of shales. Whitby mudstone formation wmf is a finegrained mudstone with siltsized minerals embedded in a finegrained matrix, which is microstructurally comparable to the psf. Microstructural characteristics of the whitby mudstone. Unfortunately, existing summaries of the lower lias succession compiled for the severn basin e. Electron microscope analysis of zoned dolomite rhombs in the. Mudstone mudstone is an extremely finegrained sedimentary rock consisting of a mixture of clay and siltsized particles. Whitby mudstone formation from the cleveland basin using the then recent development of backscattered scanning electron microscopy. Appendix 2 list of formations in alphabetical order with preferred.
Howarth 1962, consisting of medium to dark grey, flakey. Robinson over a period of seventeen years from 1951 to 1968. The overall strategy of 2f2s is built around the knowledge that efficient predictions of producibility of tough gas plays, such as gas shales, tight. The whitby mudstone formation is predominantly argillaceous and locally c. Topsoil consisting of medium dense dark brown sand and stiff orange brown clays with varying proportions of gravel including sandstone and quartzite and extended to a maximum depth of 0. In downward sequence they are the main, pecten, two foot, raisdale and avicula seams, the last one, in this. The staithes sandstone formation ssf consists of shallow marine sandstones and siltstones. Northampton sand formation consisting of medium and high strength light brown orange sandy clay and. Whitby mudstone charmouth mudstone tile hill mudstone. The mercia mudstone group is an early triassic lithostratigraphic group a sequence of rock strata which is widespread in britain, especially in the english midlands indeed the name is derived from the ancient kingdom of mercia which corresponds to that area. The staithes sandstone formation is also visible above. Rapid observations to guide the design of systems for long. The superficial geology of the site is represented by a thin formation ravenscar group and degraded lobes of.
Elsewhere, at base of mudstone overlying ironstone of the marlstone rock formation. Microstructural controls on the uredependent press permeability of whitby mudstone rosanne mckernan 1, julian mecklenburgh, ernie rutter and kevin taylor. New, wellpreserved examples of the linguliform brachiopod discinisca holdeni are reported from the belemnite marl and green ammonite members of the lower jurassic charmouth mudstone formation, near golden cap, dorset. Notable features, as seen in the illustration to the right, are well bedded coarser sandstones alternating with finer sediments where the bedding has been destroyed due to bioturbation. Horizontal fracturefault network characterization of. Acoustic emissions aes monitoring is also performed between any two consecutive surveys. The whitby mudstone is a toarcian geological formation in yorkshire and worcestershire, england.
Challenges and requirements jonathan gammon head of ground investigations, hs2 ltd geotechnica 2015. Whitby mudstone formation late early jurassic toarcian 5 subdivisions, mostly muddy common features sediments finely laminated, dark grey mudstones. Above the ssf is the cleveland ironstone formation cif, so named because of the ironstone seams which were once quarried or mined. Mudstones form when very finegrained clay particles are deposited in water. This is another location where you can find ammonites and shells. Download the pdf of engineering geology of british rocks and soils. Appendix 3 soiltechnics soil permeability test report. To the east of staithes, you can see the higher part of the staithes formation in the lower part of the cliff and the higher beds of the cleveland ironstone formation. Some geologists designate as mudstone any similar rock that is blocky or massive. Martill2 1,2school of earth and environmental sciences, university of portsmouth, burnaby building, burnaby road, united kingdom, po1 3ql. Terms such as claystone and siltstone are often used in place of mudstone, although these refer to rocks whose grain size falls within much narrower ranges and under close examination these are often technically mudstones. The whitby mudstone formation has one of the highest landslide densities in the uk with 42 landslides per 100 km 2.
We found the degree of anisotropy to be as large as 70% for velocity and attenuation. Further up the coast, to the north of staithes, both saltburn and redcar also have excellent. They tiny particles settle to the bottom of oceans, lake floors or lagoons or even in quiet stretches of rivers. Rotunda geology group the robinson ammonite collection.
Jurassic, devon, dorset, blue lias, charmouth mudstone, correlation. Whitby mudstone formation 30 20 cleveland ironstone formation not available 16 redcar mudstone formation 230 70 on the basis that 96% of the materials to be stored onsite are to at lady cross comprise redcar mudstone, the average leachability concentration for those strata has. Nov 15, 2000 read contrasting watermass conditions during deposition of the whitby mudstone lower jurassic and kimmeridge clay upper jurassic formations, uk, palaeogeography, palaeoclimatology, palaeoecology on deepdyve, the largest online rental service for scholarly research with thousands of academic publications available at your fingertips. Model metadata report for hs2 area 4 geology and regional geophysics programme open report or15035. This is a medium and dark grey fossiliferous mudstone and siltstone, laminated and bituminous in part, with thin siltstone and silty mudstone beds and rare finegrained calcareous sandstone beds. It overlies the preceding northampton sand formation and underlies the following lincolnshire limestone. The northampton sand is classified as a minor aquifer, whilst the whitby mudstone is likely to be a nonaquifer. As the mud is buried and compacted by overlying sediment, the water is squeezed out and it turns into mudstone. Investigation of suspected gulls in the jurassic limestone. A more likely cause was the period of heavy rain immediately prior to.
The linguliform brachiopod discinisca in the lower. The seams, as seen in the illustration to the left, are clearly visible, usually being coated in a white clay mineral, probably dickite. Mudstone is made up of finegrained clay particles mudstone is called shale. Medium and dark grey fossiliferous mudstone and siltstone, laminated and bituminous in part, with thin siltstone or silty mudstone beds and rare finegrained calcareous sandstone beds. Geotechnical properties of a weak mudstone in downtown calgary. The formation, part of the lias group, is present in the. The wmf is the lateral equivalent of the psf in northen europe ghadeer et al. Pdf whitby mudstone formation its microstructure, porosity. Feb 14, 20 the pliensbachiantoarcian early jurassic fossil record is an archive of natural data of benthic community response to global warming and marine longterm hypoxia and anoxia. Engineering geology of british rocks and soils lias group. A new record of a sauropodomorph dinosaur is here described from the middle jurassic aalenian saltwick formation of whitby yorkshire, uk.
The whitby mudstone formation is an analogue for the dutch posidonia shale which was deposited during the early toarcian, and is a possible unconventional gas source in nor thern europe. Holt quarry, neville holt the final locality sk48142926 shows a 3 m thick exposure of the northampton sand formation, which is the basal unit of the inferior oolite group that overlies the lias group. The grantham formation is a geological formation in england, which dates to the middle jurassic aalenian age around 172 million years ago. Electron microscope analysis of zoned dolomite rhombs in the jet rock formation lower toarcian of the whitby area, u. Pdf whitby mudstone formation its microstructure, porosity and. Geotechnical properties of a weak mudstone in downtown. A fragmentary bone from the dinosaur park formation campanian of dinosaur provincial park alberta, canada, originally described as a pterosaur tibiotarsus, is reinterpreted as the distal end of the tibiotarsus of a basal bird, probably an enantiornithine, on the basis of several distinctive characters. Using active ultrasonic source survey data, codawave decorrelation cwd timelapse imaging during the triaxial compression of whitby mudstone cores provides a 3d description of the evolution and redistribution of inelastic strain concentrations. As the harford member is characterized by poorly compacted sandstone and a thin layer of mudstone 0. Minor fault in the cropwell bishop and blue anchor formations of the mercia mudstone at cropwell bishop, nottinghamshire.
Assessment of groundbased monitoring techniques applied to. The blg file needed to be deduplicated and the borehole filter tool was used to address. Mudstone, sedimentary rock composed primarily of clay or siltsized particles less than 0. The wilmcote limestone is absent to the east of the axis in southernmost and southeastern warwickshire ambrose, 2001. The whitby mudstone is an analogue for the dutch posidonia shale which is a possible unconventional source for gas. The upper lias whitby mudstone formation having as many as 42. Horizontal fracturefault network characterization of pavement. Microstructural characteristics of the whitby mudstone formation uk. Cowbar nab is the type locality for this formation.
The whitby mudstone formation has been divided into five members rawson and wright 1995, the middle of which is the alum shale member formerly the alum shale series. These contain fossil wood and pyritic mudstone, which is full of poor grade crushed jet and the small bivalve, dacryomya ovum. The whitby mudstone formation in northeast england contains three shale facies normal, restricted and bituminous which have previously been differentiated on the basis of sedimentary structures and faunal assemblages. The quarry exposes a full sequence of the marlstone, 3. The pliensbachiantoarcian early jurassic fossil record is an archive of natural data of benthic community response to global warming and marine longterm hypoxia and anoxia. Propagation of bedparallel fractures was enhanced by dilatational strains adjacent to normal fault planes. Microstructural controls on the uredependent press. Download the engineering geology of british rocks and soils. Determination of reactions and integrity of cement mudstone interfaces a thesis submitted to the university of manchester for the degree of master of science in the faculty of physical sciences 2016 jorge arturo mendoza ulloa school of earth, atmospheric and environmental sciences. Mudstone formation hettangianpliensbachian underlies the whitby mudstone formation, and is extensively exposed at robin hoods bay. Mercia mudstone group engineering geological studies of.
Triaxial deformation tests were performed on mudstone core plugs to investigate the impact of water saturation on the elastic anisotropy of the whitby mudstone united kingdom. Pterosauria from the lower jurassic whitby mudstone formation, whitby, u. In most areas, sharp, eroded boundary with limestones or sandstones of the inferior oolite group east midlands shelf or the ravenscar group or dogger formation cleveland basin. The formation, part of the lias group, is present in the cleveland and worcester basins and the east midlands shelf. Carbonates are only one of the types of chemical sedimentary rocks. Dinosaur remains have been recovered from clay pits in warwickshire woodward 1908 and leicestershire andrews 1921. To the west of staithes, the redcar mudstone formation can be seen in the cliff face. The nearest controlled surface water receptor is the brampton branch of the river nene, located approximately 350m to the west of the site.
Landsliding at hollin hill in north yorkshire, uk is complex and continuing, and includes shallow, retrogressive rotational failure on the upper slope, translation, and flow from the base of the whitby mudstone formation over the scarp slope of the staithes sandstone formation. Above this are the cement shales, overlain by the dogger and saltwick formations. Dogger formation dogger ironstone limestonesandstone lias group cleveland ironstone fm whitby mudstone fm. Impact of water saturation on the elastic anisotropy of the. Northeast yorkshire showing the common building stones bold and alternative stone names. Mudstone is made up of finegrained clay particles whitby mudstone formation wmf is a finegrained mudstone with siltsized minerals embedded in a finegrained matrix, which is microstructurally comparable to the psf. Microfabric, mineralogy and early diagenetic history of the whitby mudstone formation toarcian, cleveland basin, u. Lias group engineering geological studies of bedrock formations. New information on hauffiosaurus reptilia, plesiosauria. Plot of standard penetration test spt n value against depth for mudstones of the mercia mudstone group. Falciferumbifrons in regional chronostratigraphy geological formation in yorkshire and worcestershire, england. Contrasting watermass conditions during deposition of the. It is composed of mudstones and sandstone, usually with abundant plant debris. Stratigraphical summary of the permian in part, triassic, jurassic and cretaceous rocks and quaternary deposits in.
A combined geomorphological and geophysical approach to. The fractured and highly fissile nature of weak mudstone renders block sampling and preparation of specimens unusually. Impact of water saturation on the elastic anisotropy of. The wmf section can be subdivided in a carbonate fossil rich upper and a carbonate poor sub mm scale mineralogically layered lower half. Both formations are deposited during the lower jurassic toarcian, roughly under the same anoxic sedimentary conditions. Due to damage incurred when the concretion was split, the surface.
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